What should I do if my insurance company denies or underpays a claim I believe is valid?

Start by getting the denial in writing and reading your policy to find the exact provision cited. Insurers must explain the reason. Gather counter-evidence: photos, independent repair estimates, medical records, or a contractor's report, and file a formal written appeal with your insurer, keeping copies of everything and a log of all contact.

If the internal appeal fails, escalate to your state department of insurance, which regulates insurers and investigates complaints for free. For large or complex property losses you can hire a licensed public adjuster who works for you, or an attorney for bad-faith denials. The CFPB and your state regulator both accept complaints. Persistence and documentation resolve many disputes without litigation.