How should I deal with a debt collector?

First, don't panic or pay on the spot. Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, you can request a written validation notice; send a debt-verification letter within 30 days asking the collector to prove the debt is yours and the amount is correct. Verify it's not time-barred or already paid, and confirm the collector actually owns or services the debt. Keep every communication in writing and save records. You can tell a collector to stop contacting you, and they must follow rules about when and how they reach you – no harassment, threats, or calls at unreasonable hours. If you do owe and can pay, you may negotiate a lump-sum settlement or payment plan, but get any agreement in writing before sending money. If a collector breaks the rules, you can complain to the CFPB. Knowing your rights shifts the leverage back to you.