How do I actually form an LLC, step by step?

Forming an LLC happens at the state level and is usually straightforward. First, pick a name that's available in your state and meets naming rules. Second, file Articles of Organization with your state (typically online), paying a filing fee that ranges from about $50 to $500 depending on the state. Third, designate a registered agent — a person or service with a physical address in the state to receive legal mail. Fourth, get an EIN from the IRS (free, takes minutes online). Fifth, write an operating agreement, even as a single-member LLC, to document ownership and how the business runs. Finally, open a dedicated business bank account so you don't commingle funds — mixing personal and business money can undermine your liability protection. Some states also charge annual report fees. You don't need an expensive formation service to do this yourself.